Bluetooth® Low Energy audio - Telephony & Media Audio Profile

1. Introduction

The Telephony and Media Audio Profile is a Bluetooth® Low Energy Audio Profile specified by the Bluetooth SIG. It is categorized as a "use-case profile", meaning that it is a high-layer profile designed for a specific use case. The complete specification can be found on the Bluetooth SIG website.

The TMAP addresses the use-cases of Telephony and Media over Bluetooth® Low Energy Audio. This covers broadcast audio, where audio data is “broadcasted” from a broadcast source to an unlimited number of broadcast sinks, using broadcast isochronous streams (BIS). It also covers the unicast audio, where audio is streamed between two connected devices, allowing bidirectional streams and more efficient acknowledgment. For more details about unicast and broadcast features, see the wiki page "Introduction to Bluetooth® Low Energy Audio".

2. Roles

The TMAP introduces six different roles:

• Call Gateway: Based on the BAP unicast client, it concerns devices connected to networks used for telephony or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) applications. Example of devices implementing this role are smartphones, laptops, tablets, and PCs.
• Call terminal: Based on the BAP unicast server, it concerns devices rendering audio for telephony and VoIP applications. Examples of devices implementing this role are earbuds, headphones, headsets, and speakers.
• Unicast media sender: Based on the BAP unicast client, it concerns devices able to send media audio content using unicast. Example of devices implementing this role are smartphones, laptops, media players, TV, tablets, and PCs.
• Unicast media receiver: Based on the BAP unicast server, it concerns devices rendering audio for media streams using unicast. Examples of devices implementing this role are earbuds, headphones, headsets, and speakers.
• Broadcast media sender: Based on the BAP unicast client, it concerns devices able to send media audio content using broadcast. Example of devices implementing this role are smartphones, laptops, media players, TV, tablets, and PCs.
• Broadcast media receiver: Based on the BAP unicast server, it concerns devices rendering audio for media streams using broadcast. Examples of devices implementing this role are earbuds, headphones, headsets, and speakers.

The requirements for the six roles are the following:

TMAP Role	CAP Roles	BAP Roles	GAP Roles	VCP Roles
Call Gateway	Initiator & Commander	Unicast Client	Central	Volume Controller
Call Terminal	Acceptor	Unicast Server	Observer & Peripheral	Volume Renderer
Unicast Media Sender	Initiator & Commander	Unicast Client	Central	Volume Controller
Unicast Media Receiver	Acceptor	Unicast Server	Peripheral	Volume Controller
Broadcast Media Sender	Initiator	Broadcast Source	Broadcaster
Broadcast Media Receiver	Acceptor	Broadcast Sink & Scan Delegator	Observer & Peripheral	Volume Controller

3. TMAP advertising

A device implementing a TMAP role shall put a bitfield of the TMAP roles supported it in the advertising data.

3.1. Telephony and Media Audio Service (TMAS)

A device implementing a TMAP role (except for a BMS role) shall implement the GATT server role with one instance of Telephony and Media Service (TMAS). This service permits a remote TMA client to retrieve the roles of the device upon connection.

4. Telephony and Media Audio Profile application APIs

The following section lists and describes the APIs typically used in a TMAP application.

4.1. TMAP APIs

The following APIs are available for the TMAP:

TMAP_Init	Initialize the Telephony and Media Audio Profile with the selected roles
TMAP_Linkup	Link up the TMAP client with the remote TMAP server.
TMAP_DB_IsPresent	Indicate if a TMAP database is saved in NVM
TMAP_BuildAdvPacket	Build advertising packet for TMAP peripheral
TMAP_ReadRemoteTMAPRole	Read the remote TMAP role value

4.1.1. TMAP initialization

1. First initialize the use-case device management module:

USECASE_DEV_MGMT_Init();

2. Then, initialize the TMAP with a TMAP_Config_t structure containing the desired roles, the maximum number of links and a pointer to a RAM section that contains the TMAP data:

static uint32_t aTMAPMemBuffer[DIVC(TMAP_DYN_ALLOC_SIZE,4)];
TMAP_Config_t tmap_config;

tmap_config.Role = Role;
tmap_config.MaxNumBleLinks = CFG_BLE_NUM_LINK;
tmap_config.pStartRamAddr = (uint8_t *)&aTMAPMemBuffer;
tmap_config.RamSize = TMAP_DYN_ALLOC_SIZE;
  
TMAP_Init(&tmap_config);

3. When implementing the CT or the UMR roles, mandatory published audio capabilities (PAC) must be registered using the following APIs:

CAP_RegisterSnkPACRecord(&aSnkPACRecord,&aSnkPACRecordHandle);
CAP_RegisterSrcPACRecord(&aSrcPACRecord,&aSrcPACRecordHandle);

4.1.2. Linkup remote TMAP server

To perform linkup on a remote TMAP server, use the dedicated API. If a database is already present, use the Restore mode.

/* Check if TMAP link is present in NVM from a previous connection*/
if (TMAP_DB_IsPresent(p_conn->Peer_Address_Type,p_conn->Peer_Address) == 0)
{
  TMAP_Linkup(ConnHandle, TMAP_LINKUP_MODE_COMPLETE);
}
else
{
  TMAP_Linkup(pNotification->ConnHandle,TMAP_LINKUP_MODE_RESTORE);
}

During the linkup process, the TMAP_REM_ROLE_VALUE_EVT and TMAP_LINKUP_COMPLETE_EVT events are generated:

void TMAP_Notification(TMAP_Notification_Evt_t *pNotification)
{
  switch(pNotification->EvtOpcode)
  {
    case TMAP_LINKUP_COMPLETE_EVT:
    {
      break;
    }
    case TMAP_REM_ROLE_VALUE_EVT:
    {
      uint16_t *tmap_role = (uint16_t *) pNotification->pInfo;
      break;
    }
  }
}

4.2. Audio stream management APIs

The following APIs are used by TMAP applications to manage audio streams:

API	BAP Role(s)	Description
CAP_Unicast_AudioStart	Unicast client	Perform the Unicast Audio Start Procedure.
CAP_Unicast_AudioStop	Unicast client	Perform the Unicast Audio Stop procedure.
CAP_Broadcast_AudioStart	Broadcast source	Configure and start a broadcast source with the given parameters.
CAP_Broadcast_AudioStop	Broadcast source	Stop a broadcast source and go to configured or idle state.
CAP_SetSnkAudioLocations	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Set/Update the supported sink audio locations.
CAP_SetSrcAudioLocations	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Set/Update the supported source audio locations.
CAP_RegisterSnkPACRecord	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Register published audio capabilities record for audio sink role.
CAP_RegisterSrcPACRecord	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Register published audio capabilities record for audio source role.
CAP_SetSupportedAudioContexts	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Set/Update supported audio contexts for reception and transmission.
CAP_SetAvailableAudioContexts	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Set available audio contexts for reception and transmission which will be used for BAP Announcement and for future connections.
CAP_UpdateAvailableAudioContexts	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Update available audio contexts for reception and transmission associated to the specified remote CAP device.
CAP_RegisterAudioChannels	Unicast server / Scan delegator	Register sink/source audio channels (and associated audio stream endpoint) supported by unicast server.

For more details about the audio stream management procedures, see the architecture and integration wiki page.

4.3. Volume control management APIs

The following APIs are used by TMAP applications to manage volume control:

API	VCP Role(s)	Description
VCP_RENDER_SetAbsVolume	Volume renderer	Set the absolute volume of the local volume renderer
VCP_RENDER_SetMuteState	Volume renderer	Set the mute value of the local volume renderer.
CAP_VolumeController_StartSetVolumeProcedure	Volume controller	Start procedure to change the volume level on all the acceptors of the coordinated set acting in the VCP volume renderer role.
CAP_VolumeController_StartSetVolumeMuteStateProcedure	Volume controller	Start the procedure to change the (Volume) mute state on all the acceptors of the coordinated set acting in the VCP volume renderer role.

For more details about the audio stream management procedures, see the architecture and integration wiki page.

4.4. Media control management APIs

The following APIs are used by TMAP applications to manage media control:

API	MCP Role(s)	Description
MCP_SERVER_SetTrackTitle	MCP server	Set the title of the current track.
MCP_SERVER_SetTrackDuration	MCP server	Set the length of the current track.
MCP_SERVER_SetTrackPosition	MCP server	Set the current track position of the current track.
MCP_SERVER_NotifyTrackChanged	MCP server	Notify the remote MCP client that the track has changed.
MCP_CLIENT_MoveNextTrack	MCP client	Request the remote MCP server to move to the next track.
MCP_CLIENT_MovePreviousTrack	MCP client	Request the remote MCP server to move to the previous track.
MCP_CLIENT_PlayTrack	MCP client	Request the remote MCP server to start playing the current track.
MCP_CLIENT_PauseTrack	MCP client	Request the remote MCP server to pause the playing current track.
MCP_CLIENT_ConfigureTrackTitleNotification	MCP client	Configure the track title update notification.

For more details about the media control management procedures, see the architecture and integration wiki page.

4.5. Call control management APIs

The following APIs are used by TMAP applications to manage call control:

API	CCP Role(s)	Description
CCP_SERVER_SetActiveCall	CCP server	Set the current track position of the current track.
CCP_SERVER_TerminateCall	CCP server	Notify the remote MCP Client that the track has changed.
CCP_CLIENT_AnswerIncomingCall	CCP client	Set the title of the current track.
CCP_CLIENT_TerminateCall	CCP client	Set the length of the current track.

For more details about the media control management procedures, see the architecture and integration wiki page.

5. TMAP demonstrator using STM32WBA

The STM32WBA cube firmware allows to easily build and deploy TMAP Peripheral and TMAP Central applications.

5.1. Project architecture

The figure below represents the firmware architecture of the TMAP Peripheral/Central example projects inside STM32CubeWBA MCU package.

5.2. TMAP demonstrator menus

The two TMAP projects present in STM32WBA cube firmware implement a menu displayed on the OLED Screen of the STM32WBA55G-DK.

5.2.1. TMAP Peripheral screens

The following diagram show and describes the screens on the TMAP Peripheral application:

5.2.2. TMAP Central Screens

The following diagram show and describes the screens on the TMAP Central application:

5.2.3. Audio streaming state screen

On the two TMAP applications, the screens displays the status of the audio stream when connected. The following table describes each possible screen:

	Displayed when a remote device is connected but no audio stream is established
	Displayed when a unidirectional stream is established with sink role
	Displayed when a unidirectional stream is established with source role
	Displayed when a bidirectional stream is established (source + sink)

5.3. Unicast Demo using two STM32WBA

5.3.1. Hardware required

This demonstrator requires the following hardware:

• 2x STM32WBA55G-DK boards
• 1x Headphones/Headset with a 3.5mm jack cable, optionally with a microphone in which case the jack is 4-pin.

Additionally, as an audio source on the TMAP Central side, one of the following can be used:

• 1x music source with a 3.5mm jack output (Laptop or smartphone with a jack output). If the music source is powered using a power supply, use a Ground Loop isolator device or run the laptop on a battery to avoid Ground Loop issues
• 1x headset with microphone

5.3.2. Setup

The setup is as following:

5.3.3. Operate demonstrator

The two projects integrate a menu permitting to operate the demonstrator.

1. To establish the connection between the two STM32WBAs, press the right direction on the joystick of the TMAP Peripheral and select "Start Unicast" to start advertising, then do the same on the TMAP Central to start scanning. Select your device in the list and press the right direction to initiate the connection.

2. Once the linkup is done on each side, access the menu using the right direction of the joystick

• To start or stop an audio stream, navigate to the “Audio stream” submenu on the TMAP Central target and select the desired item list
• To operate the TMAP Central volume, navigate to the “Local volume” on the TMAP Central target
• To operate the TMAP Peripheral volume, navigate to the “Remote Volume” submenu on the TMAP Central target, or navigate to the “Volume” submenu on the TMAP Peripheral target

The following configurations are used in the TMAP Central project:

Configuration	BAP audio configuration	Legend	Codec configuration
Media	4	------->>	48_4
Telephony	3	<------->	32_2

5.4. Unicast Demo using a STM32WBA and a compatible smartphone

The TMAP Central role can be managed by a smartphone compatible with LE audio. This allows to fully use the media control and call control brought by the media control profile (MCP) and call control profile (CCP).

5.4.1. Hardware required

• 1x STM32WBA55G-DK boards
• 1x headphones/Headset with a 3.5mm jack cable, optionally with a microphone in which case the jack will be 4-pin.
• 1x smartphone compatible with LE Audio

The following smartphones are listed as compatible with LE audio

Brand	Model	Features	ST compatible
Google	Pixel 7/7Pro	Unicast	Yes
Google	Pixel 8/8Pro	Unicast	Yes (only on 1.3.1 release)
Samsung	Galaxy S23	Unicast	No
Samsung	Galaxy S24	Unicast	No
Sony	Xperia V 1/5	Unicast & Broadcast	Yes (Broadcast), No (Unicast)

5.4.2. Setup

The setup is as following:

5.4.3. Smartphone configuration

5.4.3.1. Google Pixel configuration & pairing

In order to first activate the experimental Bluetooth® Low Energy audio feature on Google Pixel smartphones, go to the Developer options menu and

• Uncheck "Disable Bluetooth LE Audio
• Check "Disable Bluetooth LE Audio hardware offload

The first time you connect to a Bluetooth® Low Energy audio device, you have to enable the LE audio parameter in the device parameters.

5.4.4. Operate demonstrator

1. To establish the connection between the STM32WBA and the smartphone, press the right direction on the joystick of the STM32WBA TMAP Peripheral and select "Start Unicast" an to start advertising. Connect to the STM32WBA using the smartphone and enable LE Audio on the peripheral.

2. Use any media application (Spotify, YouTube, …) and start playing to establish a unidirectional audio stream between the two devices

3. Initiate or receive and accept a call on the smartphone using the cellular network or with a VoIP application to establish a bidirectional audio stream between the two devices.

The TMAP Central application can use the volume control profile (VCP), the media control profile (MCP), and the call control profile (CCP) to interact with the smartphone.

• Navigate to the “Volume control” submenu, using the right direction of the joystick, to control the output volume of the TMAP Peripheral. The smartphone should be notified of this volume change
• Navigate to the “Media control” submenu to control the media currently played on the smartphone. The current track title and media state are retrieved and displayed on the screen of the TMAP Peripheral. Use the up, right and down directions of the joystick to go to the next track, pause/play, or go to the previous track.
• Navigate to the “Call control” submenu to control the calls received on the smartphone. The call state is displayed on the screen of the TMAP Peripheral. Use the up and down directions of the joystick to answer or hang up a call.

5.5. Broadcast Demo using two STM32WBA

5.5.1. Hardware required

This demonstrator requires the following hardware:

• 2x STM32WBA55G-DK boards
• 1x Headphones with a 3.5mm jack cable
• 1x music source with a 3.5mm jack output (Laptop or smartphone with a jack output). If the music source is powered using a power supply, use a Ground Loop isolator device or run the laptop on a battery to avoid Ground Loop issues

5.5.2. Setup

The setup is as following:

5.5.3. Operate demonstrator

The two projects integrate a menu permitting to operate the demonstrator.

1. On the TMAP Central application, after selecting opening the startup menu by pressing the right direction joystick, select "Start Broadcast". Select the Sample Rate using the up and down direction of the joystick and validate by using the right direction. The Broadcast Source is now active.

2. On the TMAP Peripheral application, after selecting opening the startup menu by pressing the right direction joystick, select "Start "Broadcast". The Broadcast Sink is now scanning for broadcast sources. Select the Broadcast Source with the joystick's right direction. The Broadcast sink attempts to synchronize to the broadcast source.

3. Once synchronized to the Broadcast Source, the volume of the Broadcast Sink can be adjusted in the menu accessed by using the joystick's right direction. The current Broadcast Source can also be desynchronized in the same menu.